Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations of malic acid against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculated in apple, pear and melon juices stored at 5, 20 and 35 C were evaluated.

Specific drug delivery is crucial for treating tumors with minimal side effects for normal cells. Drugs, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) or small molecules, should be able to penetrate the cell membrane for direct targeting of cancer cells.

Effective treatment of brain neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, or tumors should be possible with drug delivery through blood–brain barrier (BBB) or blood–brain tumor barrier (BTB) and targeting specific types of brain cells with drug release into the cell cytoplasm.